Xi Jinping’s Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Vladimir Putin’s Kremlin are systematically interfering in the politics and undermining the institutions of democratic nations.¹ Xi’s China and Putin’s Russia have different long-term goals, strategic positions, methodologies, and capabilities. But their interests in weakening the liberal order are converging, and they are working from a similar asymmetric toolkit. The clandestine, deniable, and invasive nature of many of these activities presents difficult national security challenges, and arguably even greater challenges to developing nations, which lack effective institutions of transparency and rule of law. Western democracies are now recognizing the dangers posed by authoritarian interference, but none has successfully implemented an effective counter strategy.

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